Reading Comprehension

Direction- Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below-

Situated in the valley of river Gargi, Baramula was a small tahsil of Khanjour District. A newly installed power plant there was to be commissioned soon. Hence the railway minister, Uttam Singh felt it necessary that the place should
be well connected with Patrawa and Sheshnagar, the nearest big towns of the area. Moreover for a quick and safe transportation of employees coming from neighbouring towns daily, a railway bridge on river Gargi was essential. The minister decided to visit the site and discuss the plan with railway authorities at zonal railway head office. He asked Ramaswamy, his Secretary to do the needful.
One fine morning Manikchand, the tahsildar of Baramula, got a call from district headquarters. The message was that immediately after his meeting with railway officials at Nagjod the minister will be reaching Baramula by a car, at around 1 p.m. Manikchand, and the local thanedar Ram Charan, remained in the porch of the Baramula dak bunglow for quite sometime but eventually driven by the heat to seek shelter in the sitting rooms, as it was a burning hot day and the minister's arrival was delayed. After sometime noise of a car was heard. Manikchand rushed to the porch, and stood there with his hands covering his face. Unable to contain himself at the strange behaviour of Manikchand the minister asked him what he meant by insolently standing with his face covered. He said, “Sir, as per the general instructions a tahsildar should not see a minister directly. I am only obeying orders."

According to the passage, what brought the minister to Baramula village ?

PASSAGE - 4
A great deal of the world’s work is neither producing material things nor altering the things that nature produces, but doing services of one sort or another.
Thoughtless people are apt to think a brick maker more of a producer than a clergyman. When a village carpenter makes a gate to keep cattle out of a field of wheat, he has something solid in his hand which he can claim for his own until the farmer pays him for it. But when a village boy makes a noise to keep the birds off, he has nothings to show, though the noise is just as necessary as the gate. The postman does not make anything ..... The policeman does not make anything.....The doctor makes pills sometimes; but that is not his real business, which is to tell you when you ought to take pills, and what pills to take, unless indeed he has the good sense to tell you not to take them at all, and you have the good sense to believe him, when he is giving you good advice instead of bad. The lawyer does not make anything substantial.....They are all in service.

Thoughtless people think a brick maker more of a producer than a clergyman because :

Directions: Read the passages carefully then answer the following questions which are based on what is stated or implied in the passage.

Television can be very helpful to people who carefully choose the shows that they watch. It can increase our knowledge of the outside world. On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages of television. In some countries, people watch the '€˜boob-tube'€™ for an average of six hours or more a day. Many children stare at a television screen for more hours each day than they do anything else, including studying and sleeping. Many studies show that people become more violent after certain programmes. The most negative effect of the television might be people'€™s addiction to it.

What do the reports of many studies reveal?

Directions : Read the following passages and choose the correct options.

“Science cannot reduce the magic of a sunset to arithmetic, nor can it express friendship with a formula" observed the eminent medical researcher, Dr. Lous Orr. He added, "also beyond sciences mastery of nature are love and laughter, pain and loneliness and insights into truth and beauty". This distancing of science from the human condition perhaps explains why most foreign tourists visiting Britain flock predictably to see the hallowed homes of playwrights, writers and poets, but choose to ignore the habitations where its eminent scientists lived and worked.

Which of the following are beyond science’s reach, according to the passage?

Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and mark Answer.

In the technological systems of tomorrow-fast, fluid and self-regulating-machines will deal with the flow of physical materials; men with the flow of information and insight. Machines will increasingly perform tasks. Machines and men both, instead of being concentrated in gigantic factories and factory cities, will be scattered across the globe, linked together by amazingly sensitive, near instantaneous communications. Human work will move out of the factory and mass office into the community and the home. Machines will be synchronized, as some already are, to the billionth of a second; men will be de-synchronized. The factory whistle will vanish. Even the clock, "the key machine of the modern industrial age" as Lewis Mumford called it a generation ago, will lose some of its power over humans, as distinct from purely technological affairs. Simultaneously, the organisation needed to control technology will shift from bureaucracy to Adhocracy, from permanence to transience, and from a concern with the present to a focus on the future.

In such a world, the most valued attributes of the industrial age become handicaps. The technology of tomorrow requires not millions of lightly lettered men, ready to work in unison at endlessly repetitive jobs, it requires not men who take orders in unblinking fashion, aware that the price of breads mechanical submission to authority, but men who can make critical judgements, who can weave their way through novel environments, who are quick to spot new relationships in the rapidly changing reality. It requires men who, in C.P. Snow's compelling terms, "have the future in their bones".

The technological system of tomorrow will be marked by

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.

Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to fulfil even its basic necessities of life. When a substantial segment of the society is deprived of the minimum level of living and continues at a bare subsistence level, that society is said to be plagued with mass poverty. The countries of the third world exhibit invariably the existence of mass poverty, although pockets of poverty exist even in the developed countries of Europe and America.

Attempts have been made in all societies to define poverty, but all of them are conditioned by the vision of minimum or good life obtaining in society. For instance, the concept of poverty in the U.S.A. would be significantly different from that in India because the average man is able to afford a much higher level of living in the United States. There is an effort in all definitions of poverty to approach the average level of living in a society and as such these definitions reflect the coexistence of inequalities in a society and the extent to which different societies are prepared to tolerate them. For instance, in India, the generally accepted definition, in India, the generally accepted definition of poverty emphasizes minimum level of living rather than a reasonable level of living. This attitude is borne out of a realization that it would not be possible to provide even a minimum quantum of basic needs for some decades and therefore, to talk about a reasonable level of living or good life may appear to be wishful thinking at the present stage. Thus, political considerations enter the definitions of poverty because programmes of alleviating poverty may become prohibitive as the vision of a good life widens

What conditions the various attempts to define poverty?

Know Your Product. Believe in Your Product and sell with Enthusiasm
These are the fundamental selling truths. If you don't know your product, people will resent your efforts to sell it, if you don't believe in it, no amount of personality and technique will cover that fact; if you can't sell with enthusiasm the lack of it will be infectious.
Nothing turns off a potential customer quicker than a salesman's lack of familiarity with his products. Have you ever walked into a department store, asked a clerk how a particular gadget or appliance worked, then stood by while he fiddled with the knobs and wondered out loud why they don't make things simple anymore? Even if he finally gets it to work, by that time your interest has diminished and you are not likely to make the purchase.
Knowing your product also means understanding the idea behind its projection, how it is perceived - the relationship between it and what someone wants to buy. How will it help the customer? What problem is it solving? What is its promise?
An understanding of these intangible features is at least as important as knowing a product's mechanical features. Yet precisely because they are intangible, and may even vary from customer to customer, they are more prone to being misinterpreted and misunderstood.
Knowing your product also means understanding the image it is projecting. I believe all products project an image of some sort. It may be a positive one, which you want to promote, or a negative one, which you need to overcome.
The home computer industry, for instance, really didn't take off until it solved its image problem. Here was the device that saved time and simplified all sorts of tasks, yet it looked complicated and difficult to use. Until it was made to seem "friendlier", less forbidding, sales lagged.
Two reasons I wouldn't buy from Me.
Part of knowing your product is knowing all the reasons someone might not want to buy it. Anticipate the reason. Sate them clearly in your mind, spell them out on paper if necessary and have an answer ready for each of them.
A good portion of almost any sales effort is spent overcoming objections. Don't try to convince a buyer that these objections aren't valid. Concentrate instead on altering his frame of reference.
In anticipating and overcoming objections a salesman has to practice a kind of theory of relativity. He has to ask himself, "compared to what ?" Think about a major purchase you have made buying a house, for instance, and the mental gyrations you went through to get there. At some point, you were making comparisons. Compared to another house that interested you, but in a slightly less desirable neighbourhood, it seemed expensive. Compared to what you could have bought it for ten years ago, it seemed outrageous. But compared to its resale value compared to what you deserve you were able to justify the price.
In licensing the name of an athlete, I know the two objections we are most likely to encounter are the price, the size of the guarantees - and the athlete's lack of availability to the licensers.
The president of a major apparel firm once told me that he wasn't going to pay an athlete more money than he was making himself. By this criterion, the seven-figure guarantee that we were asking for probably did seem outrageous. But I was quick to point out that what he was buying was instant brand name identification, and compared to the tens of millions of dollars it would cost to develop a comparable degree of brand recognition, the guarantees were indeed reasonable.
He also questioned why, if he agreed to pay that kind of money he was only entitled to five days of the athlete's time. Again, it was a matter of altering his frame of reference. From which would his company benefit more, I asked. Additional department store promotions or this particular athlete winning more major tennis competitions, and didn't he agree that the best use of the athlete's time, as far as his company was concerned, would be hitting millions of tennis balls on his way to Centre Court at Wimbledon?
By helping the buyer see the different frames of reference, and by altering his perceptions, we were able to finalise a licensing deal that has resulted in the company's most successful line of apparel and in several million dollars of income for our client.

How does the author relate the intangible features of a product to its mechanical ones?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/ Phrases are printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.
Food inflation is a significant negative feature of today's economic environment and more so, in respect of our country. It has a tremendous impact on quality of life, as people struggle to maintain nutritional standards that they had previously achieved, or give up some other forms of consumption so as to keep themselves well-fed. For a country that legitimately believed that it had effectively dealt with its vulnerability to food shortages in the form of the Green Revolution of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the current situation comes as a rude reminder thatsolution are rarely permanent
To place the current developments in content, it must be pointed out that the words economic is itself problems with food prices. Food as a category has been following global trends in commodity prices over the past couple of years. There is view this is the outcome of the larger trend towards financialisation of commodities wherein large increase in global liquidity as a response to the 2008crisis feed directly into higher assets prices, including commodities. Be that as it may, the price dynamics of individual food items suggest that there are also some commodity specific factors at work, which may either reinforce or counteract the broader trend. Suger, for example, showsfluctuations in response to current supply
Conditions, while wheat reflects the effect of persistent drought in some major cultivating areas.
India's food inflation is certainly linked to global trends, particularly in relatively heavily traded commodities like sugar and oilseeds, but given the high degree of self-reliance in many other commodities, domestic factors play a big role, although the drivers of inflation in recent months have been energy price and demand pressures, as reflected in the non-food manufactured products index, food price contributed significantly in the first half of 2010 and remain uncomfortably high. Apart from the direct impact on the index, it is also likely to feed through into the wider inflationary process through higher wages demands, of which there is some evidence.
It is generally believed that food prices are highly sensitive to monsoon performance, but this belief has tested over the past few years. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that food prices are being driven not by transitory factors, such as rainfall, but by more fundamental forces. Essentially, a long period of relatively rapid growth has taken large numbers of households across thresholds at which they begin to look for nutritional diversification. The predominance of cereals in the topical households diet gives way to greater balance and a consequent increase in the demand for proteins pluses, milk, meat fish and eggs, vegetables and fruit. It is no surprise that these items have been the primary cause of food inflation in the recent period.

Which of the following best explains the phrase, "solutions are rarely permanent" as used in the passage?
(A) Our strategies for overcoming the food shortage in a specific period have proved to be futile subsequently.
(B) The current situation has been a rude reminder of our self-reliance in a specific period in the matter of food.
(C) The general tendency of people to keep them self well fed leads to food inflation.

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.

Remember that much scientific and technical writing deals with cold, hard, explicit facts. This means that, with close reading, you stand a good chance of answering most, if not all, of the questions with confidence.
No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways — that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.
Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute bronchoconstriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodelling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the sub-basement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hyper- trophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number and enlargement of submucousal glands.
Although causes of the initial tendency towards inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and moulds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mould counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and maybe fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication. In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by children?

You have to brief passages with 5 questions in each passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.

In a thicket at the foot of the Himalayas mountains there once lived a parrot together with other animals and birds. One day a fire started in the thicket from the friction of bamboos in a strong wind and the birds and animals were in frightened confusion. The parrot feeling compassion for their fright and suffering and wishing to repay the kindness he had received in the bamboo thicket where he could shelter himself, tried to do all he could to save them. He dipped himself in a pond nearby and flew over the fire and shook off the drops of water to extinguish the fire. He repeated this diligently with a heart of compassion out of gratitude to the thicket.
This spirit of kindness and self-sacrifice was noticed by a heavenly god who came down from the sky and said to the parrot 'you have a gallant mind, but what good do you expect to accomplish by a few drops of water against this great fire ?' The parrot answered “There is nothing that cannot be accomplished by the spirit of gratitude and self- sacrifice. I will try over and over again and then over in the next life. 'The great god was impressed by the parrot's spirit, and together they extinguished the fire.

The fire in the thicket started due to—

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake to which we are all prone. I believe that hedgehogs eat black beetles because I have been told that they do, but if I was writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had been enjoying this diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers know all about unicorns and salamanders, not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

According to the author, unicorns and salamanders:

Read the following passage care fully and answer the given questions.

It is to progress in the human sciences that we must look to undo the evils which have resulted from a knowledge of the physical world hastily and superficially acquired by populations unconscious of the changes in themselves that the new knowledge has made imperative. The road to a happier world than any known in the past lies open before us if atavistic destructive passions can be kept in leash while the necessary adaptations are made. Fears are inevitable in our time,, but hopes are equally rational and far more likely to bear good fruit. We must learn to think rather less of the dangers to be avoided than of the good that will lie within our grasp if we can believe in it, and let it dominate our thoughts. Science, whatever unpleasant consequences it may have by the way, is in its very nature a liberator, a liberator of bondage to physical nature and in to come, a liberator from the weight of destructive passions. We are on the threshold, of utter disaster for unprecedentedly glorious achievement. No previous age has been fraught with problems so momentous; and it is to science that we must look to for a happy future.

Science liberate us from the -

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

We stand poised precariously and challengingly on the razor's edge of destiny. We are now at the mercy of atom bombs and the like which would destroy us completely if we fail to control them wisely. And wisdom in this crisis means sensitiveness to the basic values of life; it means a vivid realisation that we are literally living in one world where we must either swim together or sink together. We cannot afford to tamper with man's single-minded loyalty to peace and international understanding. Anyone who does it are a traitor not only to man's past and present, but also to his future, because he is mortgaging the destiny of unborn generations.

The phrase 'razor's edge of destiny means a/an

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of four alternatives and mark your answer.

We started looking on the ground for blood, hair, or a drag mark that would lead us to the deer killed by the tiger. We had proceeded a hundred yards, examining every foot of the ground and going dead slow, when Mothi, just as I turned my head to look at him, started backwards, screaming as he did so. Then he whipped round and ran for dear life, beating the air with his hands as if warding off a swarm of bees and continuing to scream as he ran. The sudden and piercing scream of a human being in a jungle where a moment before all has been silent is terrifying to hear. Instinctively, I knew what had happened. With his eyes fixed on the ground, looking for the blood or hair of the kill, Mothi had failed to see where he was going and had walked towards the tiger

In the context of the passage 'kill' means

Direction: Read the following Passage and answer the Questions.
(1) Medical waste has been a growing concern because of recent incidents of public exposure to discarded blood vials, needles (sharps), empty prescription bottles, and syringes. Medical waste can typically include general refuse, human blood and blood products, cultures and stocks of infectious agents, laboratory animal carcasses, contaminated bedding material, and pathologi- cal wastes.
(2) Wastes are generally collected by gravity chutes, carts, or pneumatic tubes, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Chutes are limited to vertical transport, and there is some risk of exhausting contaminants into hallways if a door is left open during use. Another disadvantage of gravity chutes is that the waste container may get jammed while dropping, or it may be broken upon hitting the bottom. Carts are primarily for horizontal transport of bagged or containerized wastes. The main risk here is that bags may be broken or torn during transport, potentially exposing the worker to the wastes. Using automated carts can reduce the potential for exposure. Pneumatic tubes offer the best performance for waste transport in a large facility. Advantages include high-speed movement, movement in any direction, and minimal inter- mediate storage of untreated wastes. However, some objects cannot be conveyed pneumatically.
(3) Off-site disposal of regulated medical wastes remains a viable option for smaller hospitals (those with less than 150 beds). Some preliminary on-site processing, such as compaction or hydropulping, may be necessary prior to send- ing the waste off site. Compaction reduces the total volume of solid wastes, often reducing transportation and disposal costs, but it does not change the hazardous characteristics of the waste. Compaction may not be economical if transportation and disposal costs are based on weight rather than volume.
(4) Hydropulping involves grinding the waste in the presence of an oxidizing fluid, such as hypochlorite solution. The liquid is separated from the pulp and discharged directly into the sewer unless local limits require additional pretreatment prior to discharge. The pulp can often be disposed of at a landfill. One advantage is that waste can be rendered innocuous and reduced in size within the same system. Disadvantages are the added operating burden, difficulty of con- trolling fugitive emissions, and the difficulty of conducting microbiological tests to determine whether all organic matters and infectious organ- isms have been destroyed from the waste.
(5) On-site disposal is a feasible alternative for hospitals generating two tons or more per day of total solid waste. Common treatment techniques include steam sterilization and incineration. Although other options are available, incineration is currently the preferred method for on-site treatment of hospital waste.
(6) Steam sterilization is limited in the types of medical waste it can treat, but is appropriate for laboratory cultures and/or substances contaminated with infectious organisms. The waste is subjected to steam in a sealed, pressurized chamber. The liquid that may form is drained off to the sewer or sent for processing. The unit is then reopened after a vapor release to the atmosphere, and the solid waste is removed for further processing or disposal. One advantage of steam sterilization is that it has been used for many years in hospitals to sterilize instruments and containers and to treat small quantities of waste. However, since sterilization does not change the appearance of the waste, there could be a problem in gaining acceptance of the waste for landfilling.
(7) A properly designed, maintained, and operated incinerator achieves a relatively high level of organism destruction. Incineration reduces the weight and volume of the waste as much as 95% and is especially appropriate for pathological wastes and sharps. The most com- mon incineration system for medical waste is the controlled-air type. The principal advantage of this type of incinerator is low particulate emis- sions. Rotary-kiln and grate-type units have been used, but use of grate-type units has been dis- continued because of high air emissions. The rotary kiln also puts out high emissions, and the costs have been prohibitive for smaller units.

Budgetary constraints have precluded some small hospitals from purchasing

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given below.

A little more than 1.5 billion tonnes of steel was produced globally in 2012, according to the World Steel Association. Steel-making first involves the extraction of iron (a major component of steel) from iron ore. The process, in turn, is hugely energy-intensive and polluting itself accounting for around 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The search for a cleaner method of extracting iron from its ore, thus, has been a long-held dream one that has intensified in the current environment of growing concern over global warming. Till now, little progress was made in this regard, but NASA's lunar missions seem to have provided a significant breakthrough. In a paper published in Nature, Donald Sadoway of MIT writes that NASA's aim at one point was to find a way to produce oxygen on the moon.

Why does the author say 'This process, in turn, is hugely energy-intensive':

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.

While tea as a category has stopped growing, green tea is bucking the trend. Judging by the numbers, it could be the latest health-food craze of Indians, right up there with cold-pressed oils and millets.

Vikram Grover, VP and marketing head with Tata Global Beverages, which owns tea brand Tetley, says that the green tea category has been growing at around 60% year-on-year compared with black tea which is growing at around 2%. It has become an aspirational drink for young urban Indians whose food habits are not under control, he says.

Green tea is essentially normal tea that is not put through the oxidisation process to keep its enzymes intact. Nutritionists tout it as an elixir for people with hectic lifestyles. For instance, medical research points out that green tea helps people lose weight and aids in digestion on top of having a positive effect on heart ailments and type-two diabetes. It's a fad, but a good fad. At least, it has great health benefits. From gym-goers to corporate executives, everyone carries a green tea sachet these days.

However, palatability is a big factor. Green tea's natural harsh taste has made tea brands like Lipton and Tetley look for new flavours. We have taken a lot of effort to mask the alien taste of green tea. Two of our best-selling variants are honey and lemon and aloe vera, says Grover of Tetley.

Unlike black tea, whose superiority can be judged based on its strength, aroma and flavours, good green tea is supposed to taste harsh and its coarse taste is due to the preserved enzymes in the leaves.

Why is good green tea supposed to be harsh in taste?

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of four alternatives and mark your answer.

An upsurge of new research suggests that animals have a much higher level of brain power than previously thought. If animals do have intelligence, how do scientists measure it? Before defining animals intelligence scientists defined what is not intelligence. Instinct is not intelligence. It is a skill programmed into an animal's brain by its genetic heritage. Rote conditioning is also not intelligence. Tricks can be learned by repetition, but no real thinking is involved. Cuing, in which animals learn to do or not to do certain things by following outside signals, does not demonstrate intelligence. Scientists believe that insight, the ability to use tools and communication using human language are all effective measures of the mental ability of animals.
When judging animals intelligence, scientists look for insight, which they define as a flash of sudden understanding. When a young gorilla could not reach fruit from a tree, she noticed crates scattered about the lawn near the tree. She piled the crates into a pyramid, then climbed on them to reach her reward. The gorilla's insight allowed her to solve a new problem without trial and error.

What does the new research suggest?

Directions: Read the given comprehension carefully and answer the question that follows.

The heat-wave deepened during the following few days while Jack and I lazed about in the house and yards, wearing ragged shirts and discarded garments, because the more presentable ones were being packed by mother. She was obviously not strong enough to cycle down to Hampshire, where father and Jack had been one weekend, to see and rent a cottage in Ropley, near Alresford. From this prospective journey Jack had returned with half a dozen photographs taken with a plate-camera which he had made for himself, the aperture being a pinhole. This was only one of his many ingenious artefacts. I had studied the pictures, which included a church that learned backwards, in the hope of finding that perpetually teasing certainty which we look for when about to take some adventurous step into the unknown. But Ropley remained unreal.

The author and Jack were wearing ragged shirts and discarded garments because _____.

Read the passages carefully then answer the following questions which are based on what is stated or implied in the passage.

In the technological systems of tomorrow fast- fluid and self-regulating machines will deal with the flow of physical materials; men with the flow of information and insight. Machines will increasingly perform tasks. Machines and men both, instead of being concentrated in gigantic factories and factory cities, will be scattered across the globe, linked together by amazingly sensitive, near-instantaneous communication. Human work will move out of the factory and mass office into the community and the home. Machines will be synchronised, as some already are, to the billionth of a second; men will be desynchronised. The factory whistle will vanish. Even the clock, the key machine of the modern industrial age as Lewis Mumford called it a generation age, will lose some of its power over humans, as distinct from purely technological affairs. Simultaneously, the organisation needed to control technology will shift from bureaucracy to Androcracy, from permanence to transience, and from a concern with the present to a focus on the future.
In such a world, the most valued attributes of the industrial age become handicaps. The technology of tomorrow requires not millions of lightly lettered men, ready to work in unison at endlessly repetitive jobs, it requires not men who take orders in unblinking fashion, aware that the price of bread is mechanical submission to authority, but men who can make critical judgments, who can weave their way through nobel environments, who are quick to spot new relationship in the rapidly changing reality. It requires men who, in C.P. Snow's, compelling terms,' I have the future in their bones'.

'Near-instantaneous communications' may be regarded as a symbol of: